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<title>AutoAnalyzer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">AutoAnalyzer</span></span>

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<p>The <b>AutoAnalyzer</b> is an <a href="Automated_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated analyzer">automated analyzer</a> using a flow technique called <b>continuous flow analysis</b> (CFA), or more correctly <b>segmented flow analysis</b> (SFA) first made by the <a href="Technicon_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicon Corporation">Technicon Corporation</a>. The instrument was invented in 1957 by Leonard Skeggs, PhD and commercialized by Jack Whitehead's Technicon Corporation. The first applications were for clinical analysis, but methods for industrial and environmental analysis soon followed. The design is based on segmenting a continuously flowing stream with air bubbles.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_principle">Operating principle</h2></div>

<p>Continuous flow analysis (CFA) is a general term that encompasses both segmented flow analysis (SFA) and flow injection analysis (FIA). In segmented flow analysis, a continuous stream of material is divided by air bubbles into discrete segments in which chemical reactions occur. The continuous stream of liquid samples and reagents are combined and transported in tubing and mixing coils. The tubing passes the samples from one apparatus to the other with each apparatus performing different functions, such as distillation, dialysis, extraction, ion exchange, heating, incubation, and subsequent recording of a signal. An essential principle of SFA is the introduction of air bubbles. The air bubbles segment each sample into discrete packets and act as a barrier between packets to prevent cross contamination as they travel down the length of the glass tubing. The air bubbles also assist mixing by creating turbulent flow (bolus flow), and provide operators with a quick and easy check of the flow characteristics of the liquid. Samples and standards are treated in an exactly identical manner as they travel the length of the fluidic pathway, eliminating the necessity of a steady state signal, however, since the presence of bubbles create an almost square wave profile, bringing the system to steady state does not significantly decrease throughput ( third generation CFA analyzers average 90 or more samples per hour) and is desirable in that steady state signals (chemical equilibrium) are more accurate and reproducible.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaching steady state enables lowest detection limits to be reached.

</p><p>A continuous segmented flow analyzer (SFA) consists of different modules including a sampler, pump, mixing coils, optional sample treatments (dialysis, distillation, heating, etc.), a detector, and data generator. Most continuous flow analyzers depend on <a href="Color_reaction" title="Color reaction">color reactions</a> using a flow through photometer, however, also methods have been developed that use ISE, flame photometry, ICAP, fluorometry, and so forth.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow_injection_analyzer">Flow injection analyzer</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Flow_injection_analysis" title="Flow injection analysis">Flow injection analysis</a></div>

<p>Flow injection analysis (FIA), was introduced in 1975 by Ruzicka and Hansen,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first generation of FIA technology, termed flow injection (FI), was inspired by the AutoAnalyzer technique invented by Skeggs in early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-CHFInstrument_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHFInstrument-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rocco_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Skeggs' AutoAnalyzer uses air segmentation to separate a flowing stream into numerous discrete segments to establish a long train of individual samples moving through a flow channel, FIA systems separate each sample from subsequent sample with a carrier reagent. While the AutoAnalyzer mixes sample homogeneously with reagents, in all FIA techniques sample and reagents are merged to form a concentration gradient that yields analysis results.

</p><p>FIA methods can be used for both fast reactions as well as slow reactions. For slow reactions, a heater is often utilized. The reaction does not need to reach completion since all samples and standards are given the same period to react. For typical assays commonly measured with FIA (e.g., nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate) it is not uncommon to have a throughput of 60-120 samples per hour.

</p><p>FIA methods are limited by the amount of time necessary to obtain a measurable signal since travel time through the tubing tends to broaden peaks to the point where samples can merge with each other. As a general rule, FIA methods should not be used if an adequate signal cannot be obtained within two minutes, and preferably less than one. Reactions that need longer reaction times should be segmented. However, considering the number of FIA publications and wide variety of uses of FIA for serial assays, the "one minute" time limitation does not seem to be a serious limitation for most real life assays. Yet, assays based on slow chemical reactions have to be carried either in stopped flow mode ( SIA) or by segmenting the flow.

</p><p>OI Analytical, in its gas diffusion amperometric total cyanide method, uses a segmented flow injection analysis technique that allows reaction times of up to 10 minutes by flow injection analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Technicon experimented with FIA long before it was championed by Ruzicka and Hansen. Andres Ferrari reported that analysis was possible without bubbles if flow rates were increased and tubing diameters decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Skegg's first attempts at the auto analyzer did not segment. Technicon chose to not pursue FIA because it increased reagent consumption and the cost of analysis.

</p><p>The second generation of the FIA technique, called sequential injection analysis (SIA), was conceived in 1990 by Ruzicka and Marshal, and has been further developed and miniaturized over the course of the following decade. It uses flow programming instead of the continuous flow regime (as used by CFA and FIA), that allows the flow rate and flow direction to be tailored to the need of individual steps of analytical protocol. Reactants are mixed by flow reversals and a measurement is carried out while the reaction mixture is arrested within the detector by stopping the flow. Microminiaturized chromatography is carried out on microcolumns that are automatically renewed by microfluidic manipulations. The discrete pumping and metering of microliter sample and reagent volumes used in SI only generates waste per each sample injection. The enormous volume of FI and SI literature documents the versatility of FI and SI and their usefulness for routine assays (in soil, water, environmental, biochemical and biotechnological assays) has demonstrated their potential to be used as a versatile research tool.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialyzer_module">Dialyzer module</h3></div>

<p>In medical testing applications and industrial samples with high concentrations or interfering material, there is often a <a href="Dialysis_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialysis (biochemistry)">dialyzer</a> module in the instrument in which the analyte permeates through a dialysis membrane into a separate flow path going on to further analysis. The purpose of a dialyzer is to separate the analyte from interfering substances such as <a href="Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, whose large <a href="Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> do not go through the dialysis membrane but go to a separate waste stream. The reagents, sample and reagent volumes, flow rates, and other aspects of the instrument analysis depend on which analyte is being measured. The autoanalyzer is also a very small machine

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording_of_results">Recording of results</h3></div>

<p>Previously a <a href="Chart_recorder" title="Chart recorder">chart recorder</a> and more recently a <a href="Data_logger" title="Data logger">data logger</a> or <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> records the detector output as a function of time so that each sample output appears as a peak whose height depends on the analyte level in the sample.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h2></div>

<p>Technicon sold its business to Revlon in 1980 <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later sold the company to separate clinical (Bayer) and industrial (Bran+Luebbe - now SEAL Analytical) buyers in 1987. At the time, industrial applications accounted for about 20% of CFA machines sold.

</p><p>In 1974 Ruzicka and Hansen carried out in <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and in <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> initial experiments on a competitive technique, that they termed <a href="Flow_injection_analysis" title="Flow injection analysis">flow injection analysis</a> (FIA). Since then the technique found worldwide use in research and routine applications, and was further modified through miniaturization and by replacing continuous flow with computer controlled programmable flow.

</p><p>During the 1960s industrial laboratories were hesitant to use the autoanalyzer. Acceptance by regulatory agencies eventually came about by demonstration that the techniques are no different from a recording spectrophotometer with reagents and samples added at the exact chemical ratios as traditionally accepted manual methods.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The best known of Technicon's CFA instruments are the AutoAnalyzer II (introduced 1970), the Sequential Multiple Analyzer (SMA, 1969), and the Sequential Multiple Analyzer with Computer (SMAC, 1974). The Autoanalyzer II (AAII) is the instrument that most EPA methods were written on and reference. The AAII is a second generation segmented flow analyzer that uses 2 millimeter ID glass tubing and pumps reagent at flow rates of 2 - 3 milliliters per minute. Typical sample throughput for the AAII is 30 - 60 samples per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third generation segmented flow analyzers were proposed in the literature,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not developed commercially until Alpkem introduced the RFA 300 in 1984. The RFA 300 pumps at flow rates less than 1 milliliter per minute through 1 millimeter ID glass mixing coils. Throughput on the RFA can approach 360 samples per hour, but averages closer to 90 samples per hour on most environmental tests. In 1986, Technicon (Bran+Luebbe) introduced its own microflow TRAACS-800 system.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Bran+Luebbe continued to manufacture the AutoAnalyzer II and TRAACS, a micro-flow analyzer for environmental and other samples, introduced the AutoAnalyzer 3 in 1997 and the QuAAtro in 2004. The Bran+Luebbe CFA business was bought by SEAL Analytical in 2006 and they continue to manufacture, sell and support the AutoAnalyzer II/3 and QuAAtro CFA systems, as well as Discrete Analyzers.

</p><p>And there are other manufacturers of CFA instruments.

</p><p>Skalar Inc., subsidiary of Skalar Analytical, founded in 1965, which has its head office in Breda (NL), is since its founding an independent company, fully owned by its personnel. Development in robotic analyzers, TOC and TN equipment, and monitors has extended the product lines of its long life SAN++ Continuous Flow Analyzers. Software packages for data acquisition and analyzer control are also in house products, running with latest software demands and handles all analyzer hardware combinations.

</p><p>Astoria-Pacific International, for example, was founded in 1990 by Raymond Pavitt, who previously owned Alpkem. Based in Clackamas, Oregon, U.S.A., Astoria-Pacific manufactures its own micro-flow systems. Its products include the Astoria Analyzer lines for Environmental and Industrial applications; the SPOTCHECK Analyzer for Neonatal screening; and FASPac (Flow Analysis Software Package) for data acquisition and computer interface.

</p><p>FIAlab Instruments, Inc., in Seattle, Washington, also manufactures several analyzer systems.

</p><p>Alpkem was purchased by <a href="Perstorp_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Perstorp Group">Perstorp Group</a>, and then later by OI Analytical in College Station Texas. OI Analytical manufactures the only segmented flow analyzer that uses polymeric tubing in place of glass mixing coils. OI is also the only major instrument manufacturer that provides segmented flow analysis (SFA) and flow injection analysis (FIA) options on the same platform.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_analysis">Clinical analysis</h2></div>

<p>AutoAnalyzers were used mainly for routine repetitive <a href="Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">medical laboratory</a> <a href="Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">analyses</a>, but they had been replaced during the last years more and more by discrete working systems which allow lower reagent consumption. These instruments typically determine levels of <a href="Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">albumin</a>, <a href="Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a>, <a href="Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">aspartate transaminase (AST)</a>, <a href="Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">blood urea nitrogen</a>, <a href="Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a>, <a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">inorganic phosphorus</a>, <a href="Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> in <a href="Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">blood serum</a> or other bodily samples. AutoAnalyzers automate repetitive sample analysis steps which would otherwise be done manually by a <a href="Technician" title="Technician">technician</a>, for such medical tests as the ones mentioned previously. This way, an AutoAnalyzer can analyze hundreds of samples every day with one operating technician. Early AutoAnalyzer instruments each tested multiple samples sequentially for individual analytes. Later model AutoAnalyzers such as the SMAC tested for multiple analytes simultaneously in the samples.

</p><p>In 1959 a competitive system of analysis was introduced by <a href="Hans_Baruch" title="Hans Baruch">Hans Baruch</a> of Research Specialties Company. That system became known as Discrete Sample Analysis and was represented by an instrument known as the "Robot Chemist." Over the years the Discrete Sample Analysis method slowly replaced the Continuous Flow system in the clinical laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_analysis">Industrial analysis</h2></div>

<p>The first industrial applications - mainly for water, soil extracts and fertilizer - used the same hardware and techniques as clinical methods, but from the mid-1970s special techniques and modules were developed so that by 1990 it was possible to perform solvent extraction, distillation, on-line filtration and UV digestion in the continuously flowing stream. In 2005 about two thirds of systems sold worldwide were for water analysis of all kinds, ranging from sub-ppb levels of nutrients in seawater to much higher levels in waste water; other common applications are for soil, plant, tobacco, food, fertilizer and wine analysis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_Uses">Current Uses</h2></div>

<p>AutoAnalyzers are still used for a few clinical applications such as neonatal screening or Anti-D, but the majority of instruments are now used for industrial and environmental work. Standardized methods have been published by the <a href="ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> (ASTM International), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) for environmental analytes such as <a href="Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>, <a href="Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, and <a href="Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>. Autoanalyzers are also commonly used in soil testing laboratories, fertilizer analysis, process control, seawater analysis, air contaminants, and tobacco leaf analysis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method_sheets">Method sheets</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Colorimetric_analysis" title="Colorimetric analysis">Colorimetric analysis</a></div>

<p>Technicon published method sheets for a wide range of analyses and a few of these are listed below. These methods and later methods are available from SEAL Analytical. Method lists for manufacturers instruments are readily available on their websites.

</p>

<th>Sheet no.

</th>

<th>Determination

</th>

<th>Sample

</th>

<th>Main reagent(s)

</th>

<th>Colorimeter

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>N-1c

</td>

<td>Urea nitrogen

</td>

<td>Blood or urine

</td>

<td>Diacetyl monoxime

</td>

<td>520 nm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>N-2b

</td>

<td>Glucose

</td>

<td>Blood

</td>

<td>Potassium ferricyanide

</td>

<td>420 nm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>N-3b

</td>

<td>Kjeldahl nitrogen

</td>

<td>Foodstuffs

</td>

<td>Phenol & hypochlorite

</td>

<td>630 nm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>P-3b

</td>

<td>Phosphate

</td>

<td>Boiler water

</td>

<td>Molybdate

</td>

<td>650 nm

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coakly, William A., <i>Handbook of Automated Analysis</i>, Mercel Dekker, 1981 p 61</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJ.Hansen,_E._H.1975" class="citation journal cs1">J., Rulika; Hansen, E. H. (1975). "Flow injection analyses: I. New concept of fast continuous-flow analysis". <i>Anal. Chim. Acta</i>. <b>78</b>: <span class="nowrap">145–</span>157. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-2670%2801%2984761-9">10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84761-9</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CHFInstrument-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHFInstrument_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105203237/http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/collections/collection-items/scientific-instruments/technicon-autoanalyzer-sampler-unit.aspx">"Technicon AutoAnalyzer Sampler Unit"</a>. <i>Chemical Heritage Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/collections/collection-items/scientific-instruments/technicon-autoanalyzer-sampler-unit.aspx">the original</a> on 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rocco-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rocco_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRocco2006" class="citation book cs1">Rocco, Richard M., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JCud501pTYC&pg=PA309"><i>Landmark papers in clinical chemistry</i></a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-444-51950-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030194710/http://www.oico.com/default.aspx?id=product&productid=94">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oico.com/default.aspx?id%3Dproduct%26productid%3D94">the original</a> on 30 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Technicon Symposia, 1967, Vol I)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wi.mit.edu/about/25th/jack/jack2.html">Whitehead Institute – Making clinical progress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626003008/http://www.wi.mit.edu/about/25th/jack/jack2.html">Archived</a> June 26, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coakly, William A., <i>Handbook of Automated Analysis</i>, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1981</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, Galen Wood, <i>Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Second Edition</i> pp152</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.J. Patton, <i>PhD. Dissertation, </i>Michigan State University (1982)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, Galen Wood, <i>Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Second Edition</i> pp153</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfeld, Louis. Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1999. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-5699-645-2</bdi>. Pp. 490-492</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218083922/http://weather.nmsu.edu/Teaching_Material/soil698/Student_Material/Autoanalyzer/">New Mexico State University article</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Laboratory_equipment100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laboratory#Laboratory_equipment" title="Laboratory">Laboratory equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Heaters</li><li>Dryers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_burner" title="Alcohol burner">Alcohol burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Desiccator" title="Desiccator">Desiccator</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_mantle" title="Heating mantle">Heating mantle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_plate" title="Hot plate">Hot plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Meker%E2%80%93Fisher_burner" title="Meker–Fisher burner">Meker–Fisher burner</a></li>

<li>Striker</li>

<li><a href="Teclu_burner" title="Teclu burner">Teclu burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_water_bath" title="Laboratory water bath">Water bath</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_dry_box" title="Vacuum dry box">Vacuum dry box</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Mixers</li><li>Shakers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemostat" title="Chemostat">Chemostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">Homogenizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_whistle" title="Liquid whistle">Liquid whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">Magnetic stirrer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaker_(laboratory)" title="Shaker (laboratory)">Shaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_mixer" title="Static mixer">Static mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_rod" title="Glass rod">Stirring rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortex_mixer" title="Vortex mixer">Vortex mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wash_bottle" title="Wash bottle">Wash bottle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Stands</li><li><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a> <br></li><li>Holders</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Beaker clamp</li>

<li><a href="Clamp_holder" title="Clamp holder">Clamp holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripod_(laboratory)" title="Tripod (laboratory)">Tripod</a></li>

<li><a href="Burette_clamp" title="Burette clamp">Burette clamp</a></li>

<li>Extension clamp</li>

<li>Flask clamp</li>

<li>Funnel support</li>

<li>Pinch clamp</li>

<li><a href="Retort_stand" title="Retort stand">Retort stand</a></li>

<li>Screw clamp</li>

<li><a href="Test_tube_holder" title="Test tube holder">Test tube holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_gauze" title="Wire gauze">Wire gauze</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_drying_rack" title="Laboratory drying rack">Lab drying rack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Containers <br></li><li>Storage</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_storage_dewar" title="Cryogenic storage dewar">Cryogenic storage dewar</a></li>

<li><a href="Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li>

<li><a href="Laminar_flow_cabinet" title="Laminar flow cabinet">Laminar flow cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Microplate" title="Microplate">Microtiter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></li>

<li><a href="Picotiter_plate" title="Picotiter plate">Picotiter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li>

<li>Weighing boat</li>

<li>Weighing dish</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoclave" title="Autoclave">Autoclave</a></li>

<li>Balance brush</li>

<li><a href="Cork_borer" title="Cork borer">Cork borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucible" title="Crucible">Crucible</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Forceps" title="Forceps">Forceps</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_centrifuge" title="Laboratory centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeclay_triangle" title="Pipeclay triangle">Pipeclay triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Splint_(laboratory_equipment)" title="Splint (laboratory equipment)">Splint</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_rubber_stopper" title="Laboratory rubber stopper">Stopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Scoopula" title="Scoopula">Scoopula</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatula" title="Spatula">Spatula</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_tube_brush" title="Test tube brush">Test tube brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">Wire brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li>

<li><a href="Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Glassware100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Glassware</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dean%E2%80%93Stark_apparatus" title="Dean–Stark apparatus">Dean–Stark</a></li>

<li><a href="Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boston_round_(bottle)" title="Boston round (bottle)">Boston round</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Condenser_(laboratory)" title="Condenser (laboratory)">Condensers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">Cold finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evaporating_dish" title="Evaporating dish">Evaporating</a></li>

<li><a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri</a></li>

<li><a href="Syracuse_dish" title="Syracuse dish">Syracuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Watch_glass" title="Watch glass">Watch glass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Flasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_flask" title="Büchner flask">Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">Vacuum (Dewar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlenmeyer_flask" title="Erlenmeyer flask">Erlenmeyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernbach_flask" title="Fernbach flask">Fernbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleaker" title="Fleaker">Fleaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence</a></li>

<li><a href="Retort" title="Retort">Retort</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">Round-bottom</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlenk_flask" title="Schlenk flask">Schlenk</a></li>

<li><a href="Volumetric_flask" title="Volumetric flask">Volumetric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Hirsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropping_funnel" title="Dropping funnel">Dropping</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatory_funnel" title="Separatory funnel">Separatory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burette" title="Burette">Burette</a></li>

<li><a href="Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">Conical measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuvette" title="Cuvette">Cuvette</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_dropper" title="Eye dropper">Eye dropper</a></li>

<li><a href="Eudiometer" title="Eudiometer">Eudiometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">Graduated cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostwald_viscometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwald viscometer">Ostwald viscometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipette" title="Pipette">Pipette</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glass_tube" title="Glass tube">Tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drying_tube" title="Drying tube">Drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cragie_tube" title="Cragie tube">Cragie</a></li>

<li><a href="NMR_tube" title="NMR tube">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thiele_tube" title="Thiele tube">Thiele</a></li>

<li><a href="Thistle_tube" title="Thistle tube">Thistle</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">Beaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_syringe" title="Gas syringe">Gas syringe</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analytical_chemistry100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="CHN_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="CHN analyzer">CHN analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorimeter_(chemistry)" title="Colorimeter (chemistry)">Colorimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph (GC)</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">Liquid chromatograph (LC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer (MS)</a></li>

<li><a href="PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="PH_meter" title="PH meter">pH meter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">Calorimeter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">differential scanning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Melting-point_apparatus" title="Melting-point apparatus">Melting-point apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermogravimetric_analysis" title="Thermogravimetric analysis">Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analytical_balance" title="Analytical balance">Analytical balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Colony_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony counter">Colony counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_plater" title="Spiral plater">Spiral plater</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument</a></li>

<li><a href="Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">Plate reader</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronics100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bench_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Bench power supply">Bench power supply</a>

<ul><li><a href="Current_source" title="Current source">Current source</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">Voltage source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Function_generator" title="Function generator">Function generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Galvanostat" title="Galvanostat">Galvanostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulse_generator" title="Pulse generator">Pulse generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Potentiostat" title="Potentiostat">Potentiostat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ammeter" title="Ammeter">Ammeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_analyzer" title="Logic analyzer">Logic analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_analyzer_(electrical)" title="Network analyzer (electrical)">Network analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">Time-domain reflectometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transistor_tester" title="Transistor tester">Transistor tester</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soldering_iron" title="Soldering iron">Soldering iron</a></li>

<li><a href="Tweezers" title="Tweezers">Tweezers</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_stripper" title="Wire stripper">Wire stripper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alligator_clip" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator clip">Alligator clip</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_probe" title="Test probe">Test probe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Safety100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Safety</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective<br>equipment (PPE)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></li>

<li><a href="Apron" title="Apron">Rubber apron</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Safety shower</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eye and hand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glove" title="Glove">Acid-resistant gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Eyewash station</a></li>

<li><a href="Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glove box</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Medical gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasses" title="Glasses">Safety glasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Goggles" title="Goggles">Safety goggles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_cabinet" title="Safety cabinet">Safety cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Solvent_cabinet" title="Solvent cabinet">Solvent cabinet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Instruments_used_in_medical_laboratories" title="Instruments used in medical laboratories">Instruments used in medical laboratories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=AutoAnalyzer&oldid=1235280709">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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